Nurse-Patient / Client Partnership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2749 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction This essay will focus on the nurse- patient relationship or rather the nurse-client relationship in the day to-day interactions that take place day in day out in our health care facilities. While in practice as a nurse conducting my daily chores, I happened to have heard a conversation between a nurse and Abdul who was a gentleman aged twenty two years with an Asian background and who had Austim and a mild learning disability. Abdul used to live with his mother before she passed away where Abdul had to be placed in a supportive environment where he shared with seven other residents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nurse-Patient / Client Partnership" essay for you Create order Abdul had a history of challenging behaviors which lead to his detention as postulated under section 2 of the mental health act (1983). Abduls’ behavior resulted in agitation, aggression towards staff, Self harm, and environmental destruction among others.   On that fateful morning, Abdul had gone to make enquiries concerning his visiting the mosque which was a routine on every Sunday where the mum used to accompany him. From the conversation highlighted in the appendix, there arise themes such as power and control where I’ll discuss the nurses’ control and power over the patient. Other themes which are identified also include person centeredness of both the parties that is the patient and the nurse, values, beliefs and attitude.   These are but some of the themes that arise from the conversation I observed from the patient and the nurse who for purposes of confidentiality I will refer to as Stephanie (fictitious) (Hildegard, 2014). It is very vital to examine the nurse-patient partnership in a broader way and understand its significant. This relationship is paramount and therefore it should be accorded the magnitude it deserves as it affects the patient in one way or the other. A theme that is highly exhibited in the appendix is a theme of values where the terminologies used by the nurses can have detrimental effects on the quality of services rendered to the patients. In my case of study, Stephanie uses abusive language while addressing the patient, she says,† don’t be silly†. This makes the patient to storm out of the room very angered while instead the nurse ought to have approached him in a friendly manner to sort out the issue. Nurses’ values should be of the best quality while at work in order to exhibit boundaries between the patients which ensure that the client’s needs are given the utmost focus they require as identified by the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO). Anoth er core value that is paramount in the nurse-patient relationship is confidentiality which renders the relationship safe and establishes trust which enables the patient to be able to disclose all the relevant information needed for treatment purposes. Nurses should also exhibit some respect in their relationship with the patients whereby they should respect the patient’s culture and incorporate open-mindedness throughout the relationship until termination stage. For example in my case of study, Stephanie and her colleague did not show some respect to Abdul since they took it as if it was not necessary for him to visit the mosque yet it was a culture which was cultivated in his mind by his late mother (Arnold, 2011). Power and control is another that arises from my observed interaction case study. The nurses are perceived to be powerful in their field of work while the patients are perceived to be powerless. The nurses are believed to possess a handful of attributes which include professional knowledge, professional status, being free of illness and fear, being in a position to stand rather than lying on the bed which place them in powerful position. This makes the nurses to gain most control if not all over the patients (Hart, 2007). In the observed case, Stephanie is seen to exhibit full control and power over Abdul who has Autism and mild learning disability. Stephanie who is sort of the superior one in this case uses the powers vested to her to deny Abdul a chance to visit the mosque. However, even if the matter was left as Stephanie’s decision to make, she exercised her powers without consideration of the patients’ cultures and beliefs. Following misuse of the powers and control that should be exercised by the nurses, it should therefore be incorporated in their constitution the extent to which they should exercise it to protect patients’ rights. Stephanie also portrays power and control over the patient where she prepared Risperidone as per the protocol to feed the patient in order to cool him down and to counter his escalating behavior.  Ã‚   On the hand, as seen earlier the patients have minimal power and control in their position as patients hence are subject to whatever they are to ld. This is evident from our case where Abdul is denied a chance to visit the mosque and the only thing the poor kid could do is become agitated and runs back to his room where he only paces up and down (Coatsworth, 2010). Person centeredness is clearly another theme that is evident in my observed interaction case study. This comprises of situations whereby a person who is centered focuses on the individuals personal needs, goals, desires and wants so that they become central to each and everything undertaken. It is vital to examine Stephanie’s case so closely where this theme is exhibited by both the patient and the nurse (Sheldon, 2009). Abdul portrayed person centered where he became easily agitated just because he could not be taken to the mosque. He could not comprehend the fact that that there was no one to accompany him. He only put in his mind the thoughts of it was a must for him to visit the mosque. Stephanie also exhibits this theme of person centeredness whereby she just sent Abdul away denying him a chance to visit the mosque without even considering that it was his culture and belief. Besides, she did not even bother to make the patient clearly understand the reasons as to why it w as not possible for him to visit the mosque. Person centeredness in nursing however is aimed at increasing the understanding of the principles and practices by nurses. It helps the nurses to focus on the patients’ needs and medical attention regardless of the situation. It is useful in eliminating self interests concerned with individual nurses hence all their focus is channeled towards the patient as required by the code of ethics and regulations relating to the nursing profession. Partnership Hinderance However, despite the fact that high values are necessary to sustain the nurse-patient partnership, there exist barriers. Some of these barriers to effective communication between the nurse and the patient comprises of misunderstandings about treatment requirements. This might arise from patients having perceptions of unfair treatment arising from a past treatment, differences in health beliefs between patents and nurses such as belief in traditional medicine, miscommunications where the information given by the nurses may not be properly understood (Rasheed, 2015). Another hindrance to this partnership is coercion whereby the nurses might end up using force to make the patients comply as they might be perceived as being powerful whereas the patients might be seen as powerless. Job problems such as professional nursing problems work environment and ignorance of the nurses to professional ethics greatly hinder the nurse-patient relationship. However, the nurses should put themselves in the shoes of the patients to enable them to render and practice good quality care to the patients (Otong, 2007). Interaction Behaviors In my observed interaction case between Stephanie and Abdul, there arises values and attitudes such as, ridicule where Stephanie uses a language that is hurting to Abdul and that is abusive that makes him to start banging his head on the door. There exists a n attitude of choleric which is evident when Abdul is quickly aroused to anger by just the hearing of the fact that he would not visit the mosque on that fateful morning without even considering the fact that there was no one to accompany him. The nurse showed condescension in that she showed arrogance to Abdul by the mere fact that he was inferior and a person with disability (Forchuk, 2010). Anxiety is also suppressed by the patient where he becomes easily agitated and even starts hurting himself by banging his head on the door. This is a bad attitude as it makes him to hurt himself with no good reason. Stephanie fails to show the value of understanding of the patient. She fails to comprehend that going to the mosque was a thing which already existed in Abduls’ mind. She treats him with cruelty which he did not deserve and which was not right also for the nurse (Isola, 2010). Policy Support According to London: Nursing and Midwifery Council of England; 2004, core values such as trust, proper responsibility, precise care and accuracy, altruism which involves proper attention while practicing nursing and social justice are very vital in the field of nursing and should be upheld accordingly. Others values and attitudes supported by the various nursing policies available comprises of sympathy which entails the nurses’ understanding of the patients and their needs, trust which is defined by traits of honesty and the ability to keep the personal information given private and confidential (Williams, 2008). The rules and regulations governing the nursing profession in general highly give a supportive hand to the theme of personal centeredness. The rules outline the significant of a nurse being personal centeredness in devoting oneself as a whole to the service of patients fully focusing on the patients’ needs and requirements. This aims at ensuring that individual indifferences do not give any room for incompetency and poor quality services (Nambiar, 2011). According to, nurses contain in their possession power and control and hence are regarded as being powerful compared to the patients. This theory supports the theme of power and control   in which the nurses are vested the power to gain control over the patients as postulated in my case of observation where Stephanie has control over what the patients like Abdul demand. Power and control of this manner allows for supervision and handling of the patients hence a serene environment in the place of placement of the patients (Burnard, 2008). Influence on the nurse-patient partnership The issues discussed above might influence the nurse-patient partnership in one way or the other. To start with, values and attitudes exhibited by the nurses have detrimental effects on the nurse-patient relationship. For example, a core value such as trust affects the manner in which the patient will open up to the to give the necessary information required for treatment purposes. In an instance where the nurse might have been involved in revealing private and confidential information to unauthorized persons, the patient will find it hard to share critical information for fear of being exposed. On the other hand, a nurse with a clear record of keeping information confidential is found to be suitable to be given all the required information by the patient (Holland, 2011). A clear understanding of the patient and proper as well as precise handling of the patient are vital and greatly influences how the stay of the patient at the place of placement will be like. A nurse who swiftly und erstands the patient enables the patient to accept their conditions and keep their self esteem high. Once the patients are in a position to accept the conditions they are in, it becomes very easy to monitor them as well as their medications hence they are able to recover soonest possible. Thus, the values and attitudes in which the nurses approach the patients with have very many impacts both positive and negative that greatly influence the performance of the patients at large (Erickson, 2012). The cultural beliefs of the patients must also be met no matter how difficult it might seem to be. The nurses should avoid being stereotypical and try their level best to avoid making assumptions about the patients and hence respect their beliefs for instance a member of the Jehovah witness church refusing to take blood while it is the only way to save their lives should be handled with lots of knowledge such that it does not influence the patient (McConnell, 20I2). The nurse-patient relationship may also be influence by the person centeredness. This is a two way relationship in which two parties are the players and thus either party should deliver its best. In circumstances where the nurses’ personal centeredness is wholly based on the patients’ needs, the patients are influenced positively in that they tend to get lump sum attention and thus are able to benefit (Shirley, 2011). However, in situations where the nurses highly regard their individual wants, needs and requirements as being important at the expense of the patients’, the patients tend to be negatively influenced. They obtain little attention and are left to conduct most of the staffs on their own and thus their recovery process retards (Brown, 2010). Another factor that influences the nurse-patient relationship is the power and control issue. Nurses have power over the patients which they have a right to exercise accordingly. Once the powers vested to the nurses are exercised in the best manner, the powers benefit the patients as their actions are highly controlled and thus detrimental effects such as self harming, environmental destructions, hurting of others physically or mentally among others are prevented as prevention is always better than cure. However, in instances where the nurses exercise the powers in their favors at the expense of the patient’s interests, the patients tend to be influenced negatively like in my case of observation where Abdul went ahead to hurt him simply because he was denied a chance to visit the mosque (Duffy, 2005). Influence on Future Practice From the observed case discussed above, as a nurse in making, I learnt a lot of fundamental lessons which I ought to apply in my practice in my field work. As a nurse I have learnt about the significances of building a strong foundation on the core values and attitudes that I should apply while interacting with the patients. I have also known the essence of creating trust with your clients such that they won’t shy off on addressing their problems with you (Wiseman, 2013).   Letting go off your working stress is very fundamental in a nurse’s life, you might treat a patient who later succumbs to the disease and this can be very stressful. Practicing power in control is very essential in a nurse’s life in the medical practice; it means that as a nurse in control I have to exhibit my power when on duty. For instance, if the visiting time is over I shouldn’t let people extend or move in. By this I will be able to make firm decisions when required. I also lear nt that as a nurse I was expected to be very courteous and be around person not a racist at all this because I was expected to be dealing with a lot people from different places. Similarly, I learnt that being honest was very appropriate in my profession, since I was supposed to tell the patient their diagnosed problem even if it would stress them up but in a crafty way (Eureka, 2012). Conclusion The nursing profession is entailed with very many values which must be followed closely by a nurse for a successful career. This means that an honest nurse is very crucial that they will value the client’s freedom to a confidential treatment by the doctors and properly treated by the doctors and nurses. The people should be given a freedom to choose the way to be treated allowed making sound judgments when there is a major crisis in their health and they are required to have risky procedures  Ã‚   done on them like the operations where there is no guarantee of the outcome. The nurse is expected to have the personal centeredness, they are expected to concentrate with one patient at a time and give them the best service as possible keeping their matters at a bay. This will avert the likes of mistaken diagnoses which are often in an absent minded doctors and nurses. Notably the client should relate with the clients professionally so that they cannot ruin their future relations with the patients. It would be very hard for the patient to open up to the nurse on their problems considering their past. Therefore I have learnt a lot of what is expected from me.

Women The True Treasures of the Congo - 1491 Words

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Cartoons free essay sample

A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or to the artistic style of such works. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist. The term originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, and in the early 20th century and onward it referred to comic strips and animated films. A cartoon (from the Italian cartone and Dutch word karton, meaning strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting, stained glass or tapestry. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days (giornate). We will write a custom essay sample on Cartoons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design; a bag of soot was then patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall to leave black dots on the plaster (pouncing). Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London and examples by Leonardo da Vinci, are highly prized in their own right. Tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed by eye by the weavers on the loom. John Leechs Cartoon no. 1: Substance and Shadow (1843) satirized preparatory cartoons for frescoes in the Palace of Westminster, creating the modern meaning of cartoon. In modern print media, a cartoon is a piece of art, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843 when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages,[5] particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster. The original title for these drawings was Mr Punchs face is the letter Q and the new title cartoon was intended to be ironic, a reference to the self-aggrandizing posturing of Westminster politicians. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath or (much less often) a speech balloon. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher and others. Many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself). The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti and Chon Day. Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as a magazine gag cartoonists and moved on to do syndicated comic strips. Noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration is Richard Thompson, who illustrated numerous feature articles in The Washington Post before creating his Cul de Sac comic strip. Sports sections of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites. Although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a visual metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and, sometimes, multiple panels. Editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually a short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States they are not as commonly called cartoons themselves, but rather comics or funnies. Nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists. Although humor is the most prevalent subject matter, adventure and drama are also represented in this medium. Noteworthy cartoonists of humor strips include Scott Adams, Steve Bell, Charles Schulz, E. C. Segar, Mort Walker and Bill Watterson. By the mid 19th century, major political newspapers in many countries featured cartoons commenting on the politics of the day. Thomas Nast in New York City brought realistic German drawing techniques to enliven American cartooning. his 160 cartoons relentlessly pursued the criminal characteristic of the Tweed machine in New York City, and help bring it down. Indeed, Tweed was arrested in Spain, when police identified him from Nasts cartoons. [6] Sir John Tenniel was the toast of London. Political cartoons can be humorous or satirical, sometimes with piercing effect. The target may complain, but he seldom can fight back. Lawsuits have been very rare. the first successful lawsuit against the cartoonist in over a century in Britain came in 1921 when J. H. Thomas, the leader of the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), initiated libel proceedings against the magazine of the British Communist Party. Thomas claimed defamation in the form of cartoons and words depicting the events of Black Friday—when he allegedly betrayed the locked-out Miners Federation. To Thomas, the framing of his image by the far left threatened to grievously degrade his character In the popular imagination. Soviet inspired Communism was a new element in European politics, and cartoonists unrestrained by tradition tested the boundaries of libel law. Thomas won his lawsuit, and restore his reputation. Books with cartoons are usually reprints of newspaper cartoons. On some occasions, new gag cartoons have been created for book publication, as was the case with Think Small, a 1967 promotional book distributed as a giveaway by Volkswagen dealers. Bill Hoest and other cartoonists of that decade drew cartoons showing Volkswagens, and these were published along with humorous automotive essays by such humorists as H. Allen Smith, Roger Price and Jean Shepherd. The books design juxtaposed each cartoon alongside a photograph of the cartoons creator. Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated movies, cartoon came to refer to animation, and the word cartoon is currently used to refer to both animated cartoons and gag cartoons. While animation designates any style of illustrated images seen in rapid succession to give the impression of movement, the word cartoon is most often used in reference to TV programs and short films for children featuring anthropomorphized animals, superheroes, the adventures of child protagonists and related genres. At the end of the 1980s, the word cartoon was shortened, and the word toon came into usage with the live action/animated feature Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), followed two years later by the TV series Tiny Toon Adventures (1990).

Sunwind AB Case Analysis Essay Example

Sunwind AB Case Analysis Paper 2) Draw the schematic flow diagram for Sunwind and all Volvo plants. (Draw at abstract level not detailed level). Provides detail of distances and demand (quantity based on 1987 forecast) flow. Ans) Demand of Sunwind is 1250/week = 1250*45 = 56250 units The following table gives us the demand of each plant yearly for the year 1985 Plant| | Torslando | Kalmar| Ghent| Total| Year| 1985| 17050| 4525| 12090| 33665| | %| 50. 65%| 13. 44%| 35. 1%| 100%| Year| 1987| 32919. 947| 8736. 819| 23343. 23| 65000| Depending on the percentage of share of each plant of the total in 1985, the same percentage is used to calculate the demand of each plant in 1987, as we know the total production of Volvo from all the plants put together in 1987. 3) What are the challenges facing Sunwind? Do they need a change in strategy by Sunwind? Why? Ans The challenges faced by SUNWIND are as follows : The main problem is to meet the increase in the demand from Volvo which is around 650 per week in 1985 to 1200 per week in 1986 * There is also a problem of meeting the quality of the finished products supplied by them, some of the machines like gluing machine had proved particularly troublesome and has increased rejects. * Some other bothering issues would be the off-spec plywood blanks received from Finnish supplier. * The rejection of the batches by Volvo as they haven’t met the quality constraints imposed by them. The demand for the finished goods is around 1400 units/week while the ideal capacity of plant excluding wastages is only 1250 units/week; this mismatch is of a greatest concern for the Sunwind in the present scenario. * The trend of the major manufacturers like Toyota who are working on â€Å"Less† suppliersâ₠¬â„¢ model to increase the efficiency is of a big threat as Volvo might even persuade it. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunwind AB Case Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sunwind AB Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sunwind AB Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * The system of JIT which is being implemented recently by the Volvo group, the Belgian manufacturer is turning out to be major competitor to Sunwood on this perspective. The batch size if we see for different operations varies from 2500 to 500, such a huge amount of batch size might lead to having no control over the quality issues i. e. in case of any damage done its hard to find out and the who batch has to be set off which is of a huge loss for the plant. * This large batch size might also increases the MLT hence leads to a lot of inventory which has a lot of adverse effects. For the other part of the question whether they need to change the strategy of the Sunwind or not, yes they have to change indeed to so as to protect themselves from Volvo by meeting their demand needs. At the same time the technological aspects of Sunwind are at a ground level, they need to compete with the competitors and have to go for new machinery. Right now they are not following the JIT method while Volvo has gone for it, In that case to meet the Volvo demands it might have to put a huge pile of raw materials instead if it makes itself a JIT system it could save itself from one of the competitors. Their batch size as mentioned before is also very large, hence they need to change this strategy too. There is a quality issue also being faced hence they a need a new strategy which can address all these issues in a very efficient way. ) What are the benefits to implement JIT for Sunwind? How Volvo will get benefited if Sunwind goes for JIT production and delivery? Ans) The benefits to implement JIT for Sunwind are 1. The main advantage would be saving on inventory i. e. there is no need to spend a lot of money in storing the inventory for huge number of days until it is used instead JIT takes care of inventory only when needed hence there is no idle inventory. 2. The JIT system will take care of the batch size this will help increasing the frequency and also easy transportation and on time as the batch size is small 3. Sunwind AB Case Essay Sample Sunwind Ab Case Sunwind Ab Case Sunwind Ab Case In case of any defects the wastage would be in a small scale 4. The quality issue can be addressed, if we have the batch size to be small there is an every chance to make strict quality checks and reject the rest. 5. This helps in cutting the waste by cutting the excess capacity or inventory and removing the non value-added activities. 6. This will develop a close relationship with their suppliers, in a way they will get suppliers as a partner in the venture. 7. This will also encourage the suppliers to get themselves placed in and around the Sunwood plant so as to deliver the raw materials on time. 8. This system gets an in-plant representative who will be onsite in Sunwind on behalf of the suppliers whose main purpose is to plan and schedule the replenishment of the materials from the supplier hence even the forecasting is also taken care by him. 9. He also helps in designing ideas to help reducing cost and improve manufacturing processes and managing production schedules for suppliers, materials contractors and other subcontractors. 10. It also provides the best organizational structure needed to improve the supplier coordination by integrating the logistics, production and purchasing processes together. The advantages of the Volvo if Sunwind go for JIT is same as the ones enjoyed by Sunwind on behalf of their supplies * This will develop a close relationship with Sunwind. * This system gets an in-plant representative who will be onsite in Volvo on behalf of the Sunwind whose main purpose is to plan and schedule the replenishment of the materials from the supplier hence even the forecasting is also taken care by him. * He also helps in designing ideas to help reducing cost and improve manufacturing processes and managing production schedules for suppliers, materials contractors and other subcontractors. It also provides the best organizational structure needed to improve the supplier coordination by integrating the logistics, production and purchasing processes together. 6) How many varieties of products does the Sunwind manufacture for Volvo? How does this information help to design production and delivery? Ans) Sunwind was the only supplier for the floorlid for the 5-door 700 serie s station wagon. These were offered in several carpet/ colour combinations. The lid comprised of 4 separate items – front panel, rear panel, left panel and the right panel. The carpeting could be any of four different colour choices – beige, blue, black and burgundy. The carpeting could be either needle felt or tufted. Thus 32 part numbers were needed to specify a particular part/ colour/ carpet combination 4 parts x 4 colours x 2 carpets = 32 This data of the variety of products being manufacture will give us an advantage of designing the production through JIT. One of the process considerations in lean systems â€Å"Uniform workstation loads â€Å" comes into the picture. This in turn would decrease the big lots there by decreasing the average inventory level. We can follow the production model of â€Å"heijunka† which is the levelling of production load by both volume and product mix. Using this what we can do is to form batches in a way so that each batch gives us 32 varieties of different materials instead of having the same variety in a batch. This would help workers to get acquaintance of all the products and also though there is any wastage in a batch the other batch can cover up for it, if a batch has all the products of same kind it would be a problem if there is any defect or quality issues. Thus this data of the variety of products gives us the division of batches in an efficient way which reduces the extra non value added costs. 8) Provides details of some critical characteristics of one of the Volvo operations (Customer interface point) between Volvo and Sunwind. How does may this information be helpful to get advance intimation to prepare the next JIT delivery? Ans) Sunwind’s interface with Volvo parts at the order placement. Every 4 weeks Volvo send an order form indication the requirement over a 60 week planning horizon. This was broken into seven 4 week periods and one 32 week period. The next interface was at the loading stage of the shipping process. Volvo mandated that it suppliers use Volvo’s wholly owned transport company, use standard containers and ship one part per container. Sunwind ordered transportation and empty containers as required. Post shipping, the next interface would be at the inspection upon receipt of parts by Volvo. If the randomly chosen container did not pass the stringent quality control criteria, the entire shipment would be rejected and the supplier would be called. Sunwind could then either replace the entire shipment ot come to Torslanda to check the rejected shipments and replace the defective parts. Rejected parts were either scrapped or sent back to the supplier at the supplier’s expense. The fault would be officially notified and the next shipment would be subjected to 100% inspection. The interface points are at various stages in the part procurement process. Continuous communication between supplier and vendor enables updation of records on both ends and real time flow of information. The 4 week periodical order placement can help Sunwind plan its production such that they complete production just in time for shipment and the shipment occurs just in time for assembly at Volvo. Shipping is done through Volvo’s own transport system. Knowledge of the production schedules of Volvo in advance will enable Sunwind to request transport and containers in advance so that they arrive just in time for loading. This makes for efficient operations as the production can then be planned to meet the shipment schedule. Inspection procedure is well defined and knowledge of this can help Sunwind optimize its production to avoidrejection upon shipment. Rejection of shipments can be costly and they run the risk of not being able to meet the just in time production schedule. 9) How KANBAN, facilitator of JIT inventory Design be used for Sunwind operations? Show few sample calculations. Ans) In order to avoid the stock outs or overproduction Kanban can be used as a facilitator of JIT system. According to Kanban system, there is a card which contains the requirement or the supply of units written on it. Once if the card reaches the supplier depending on the requirements the desired date the supplier manufactures or prepare the goods and then they will be put in the same box with the card in place. The same process is done when the units reach the ordered company it will crosscheck the number of units in the box with the required in the card, once it matches it will then proceed to the operations. The best use of this comes when the manufacturing process has lots of operations involved in it with different batch sizes and cycle time and lead time. For example if we take Sunwind it has 8 operations with different batch sizes hence by using this it can send the Kanban cards at will according to the lead time to the respective suppliers and they can receive the desired goods right on time and can verify it also accordingly. The basic formulae to calculate the number of Kanban cards is Kanban quantity = Daily Demand x Lead time (in days) x Safety factor Container quantity Here the daily demand can be calculated as we know that the demand per week is 1250 and there are 5 working days per week thus the daily demand is 250 units The lead time here as it is not mentioned clearly anywhere in the case we have taken the sentence† the production is planned two weeks before†. Using that we can get the lead time as 2 weeks i. e. 14 days (including working and non-working days) Safety factor: we are taking a standard 10%(assumption) hence the whole quantity is multiplied by 1. 1 Container quantity is given in the case as 20 units Hence Kanban quantity = 250*14*1. 1 = 192. 5 20 Thus using this estimate this will give us a forecast of how many Kanban cards are in place for the JIT beforehand and would make the process efficient enough. 1) Repeat Q10 for Volvo’s Kalmar and Ghent plants. Write only short discussion and detailed calculation and diagram is not expected as in Q10. Ans) The distance plays a major role when it comes to Kalmar and Ghent plants as for us to make a JIT delivery of 4 times a day, the transportation including all logistics plays the deciding factor. Similarly if we look into this case the distances are shown below Save to Kalmar —– 179. 82 Miles or 289. 39 KM (Source : http://www. mapcrow. info) Save to Ghent —– 1284 KM (source : Google Maps) For both the plants if we see there is no feasibility to do the JIT supply 4 times a day as the distance is so large that the transportation becomes a problem and even though if pains are taken and the things are meeting the deadline, the efficiency decreases as this will in no way an add on for the current existing process in terms of the ROI ( Return on Investment ). Q 5 ) Draw the process flow diagram of Sunwind operations. Perform capacity analysis Sunwind’s operations. Is the capacity at plant sufficient to meet the requirement (Demand and any other) of all VOLVO plants? How would you interpret the capacity calculations? (Consider a batch size and process time information in Exhibit 8). What is the Manufacturing Lead time? Do you think it is right or a long MLT in line with JIT requirement? If it is short or long, what is cause of such short/Long MLT? Ans. Operation 2- Painting Cycle time: 1. 15 min Operation 34-batterns, riveting inserting studs Cycle time: 6. 85 min mins Operation 1-Shaping plywood panel Cycle time-2. 8 min Raw material (plywood) Operation 7- Attaching metal and carpet fixtures Cycle Time: 2. 2 min Operation 6-Gluing Carpet Cycle Time: 4. 25 min Operation 5-Mounting hinges Cycle Time: 0. 95 min Operation 8-Assembly of left and right units Operation 3 is the bottleneck with maximum cycle time of 6. 85 mins. So it becomes the cycle time for the entire process. The working time for a personnel/week = 40. 7 hours. So, effective working hours/day= 8. 14 hours. Therefore, total no. of units produced/ day=8. 14*60/6. 85= 71 units. ( considering 100 % capacity utilisation) So at 100 % utilization,output/week= 71*5= 355 units/ week Monthly production= 1420 units. Starting from January 1985 Volvo’s maximum demand per month till July was 1115 units. So Sunwind was able to meet the demand . In August 1985 when demand of Volvo’s three plants surmounted to 4000 units / month Sunwind was unable to supply the required quantity. In 1986 when the forecasted demand of Volve stands 1387 units/ week present capacity of Sunwind ( 355 units/ week) is not sufficient to meet the demand . Direct labor content ( parts fabrication + operations 1-9 ) =18. 8+25. 2+5. 15= 49. 15 mins/ shirt (excluding set up time) If we consider batch sizes of 500 (operation 6 has the minimum batch size of 500) the changed cycle time for each operation are as follows: Operation 4 with zero set up time still remains the bottle neck time and hence the cycle time. So the batch size does not influence the process cycle time. To meet the average forecasted demand of 1400 units/week in 1986 the cycle time of the entire process should be 1. 4 min assuming the plant operates at 80 % efficiency level. Since different operations have different WIPs( according to batches as shown below): Manufacturing lead time is given by MLT= WIP * Cycle time At current plant capacity, considering lids are produced in batches of 500 MLT= (2500+1500+1000+1500+500+500)* 6. 85 = 51375 mins =856. 25 hrs= 21 weeks (considering working hours of 40. 7 /week as bottleneck operation is run in 1 shift only) The lead time is very high and the primary cause for this is large lot size used for production. A high MLT cannot go hand in hand with JIT production. The JIT philosophy is timely delivery of customer order . To meet the delivery deadline for a JIT e need to start the production as soon as the order is booked. For this we need to maintain a minimum Manufacturing Lead Time as products are produced in batches. Q 7) Should Lars Olav were to design a JIT programme at Sunwind, what should be its elements? Give details about the current status and future requirement of few essential ingredients of JIT/Lean elements requiring improvement/change in Sunwind. Please suggest/show your improved/changed version of the Sunwind operations process to meet the requirement (Demand and any other) to all Volvo plants. Hint: You may like to meet the new demand (1987 forecast) by balancing the capacity of Sunwind operations. Ans. The elements of a JIT programme would be as follows: 1) Make to order strategy and not make to stock. This will reduce over production which not only creates excessive lead times and inventory but also makes it difficult to detect defects. 2) Reduction of inventory level so as to identify quality issues more promptly and effectively thereby correcting at source instead of creating rejections at end. ) Setting a plant layout such that the distance between adjacent workstation is minimum. This will reduce material handling cost and time. Excessive movement of products can at times cause damage and deterioration of product quality. 4) Manufacturing lead time to be minimum so as to reduce waiting time for starting production when an order is booked. 5) Close ties with supplier making sure they are located in close geographic proximity in order to promote strong partnerships and better synchronise product flows. Current status and requirements for adopting JIT in Sunwind: 1) High raw material and WIP inventory level. High batch sizes don’t allow problems to surface immediately. This hinders quality check at source. Few of the quality control procedures were followed in practice. Processes were not monitored formally. Defects were inspected by customers after delivery instead of identification in-house. Defective materials were rejected by eliminating the problem but no summary statements were available in Sunwind concerning the rejects. Sun Wind needs to reduce its inventory level and present MLT so as to identify defects at source thereby reducing cost as rejection rate comes down. 2) Presently in Sun wind due to extended delivery lead time of some items (eg. Carpeting) the purchasing department uses a 3-6 months planning horizon. On the contrary the production planning department focuses on first four weeks of delivery schedule which unnecessarily increases the inventory level. As a result raw material inventory unnecessarily goes up. Sun Wind should ask it supplier to reduce this lead time as it is planning to go for JIT. The benefits of a successful JIT can only be realized if your inventory levels are low. Considering suppliers as partners in venture can build long term profitable relationship wherein there is a win-win situation for everyone. 3) Sun Wind is presently operating in moderate batches which is giving a very high Manufacturing lead time which is not acceptable for a JIT . To meet the increased demand for Volvo Sunwind needs to improve its cycle time as well as reduce its MLT by reducing batch size. Only operation 6 has a significant set up time which has to be reduced for going to JIT by enacting machine controls or preparing for changeovers while a job currently in production is still being processed. 4) In Sunwind the workstation load at different operations is not uniform. The cycle time at different processes vary considerably. As a result there is inventory pile up at workstations with high cycle time. Capacity planning and line balancing are to be used to meet the changed requirement of Volvo plant in 1987. In 1987, Volvo needs 65000 units of 700 series 5-door station wagons. To meet this demand Sunwind needs to produce =65000/52= 1250 units/week. At current capacity Sunwind can only produce 350 units/week. To meet the demand Sunwind needs to produce=1250/5=250 units/day. We propose change in number of workers and number of shifts to meet the required demand(considering Save plant of Sunwind alone will be producing for all Volvo plants) as shown below. Present Situation Proposed Capacity Planning and line balancing to meet new requirement In this changed line balancing the bottleneck operation is Operation 6 with a cycle time of 2. 83 mins. Since operation 6 has got maximum set up time and Sunwind is producing 32 combinations of part/color/carpet, we assume Japanese concept of heijunka for a JIT, a batch of 32 each wherein all the varieties will be there per batch. Assuming a reduced set up time of 15 mins /batch for JIT achieved by machine control , we get a cycle time of 2. 83+0. 47= 3. 3 mins. Since this operation is run for two shifts the daily production will be = 2*8*60/3. 3= 290 units/day. Operation 7 which has a lower cycle time becomes the bottle neck as the process is run for 1 shift only. No of units produced /day = 8*60/1. 3=262 units. Hence we can say the actual bottleneck is operation 7 with a cycle time of 1. 83 mins which run for single shift. Hence this becomes the cycle time for the entire batch process. To meet this requirement 3 additional workers at Sun wind’s Save factory are needed as per changed capacity planning. In this scenario of JIT an operational efficiency of above 95 % will be needed to meet the demand requirement of 250 units/day or 1250 units/week (assuming 5 days week) If each batch of JIT is 32 units, in that case per day no of batches produced will be =250/32=7. Hence a JIT will shorten the Manufacturing lead time thereby reducing the inventory level and lumpy requirements on different workstations. This will help identify defects immediately and strengthen quality control measures and help achieve higher efficiency. MLT for JIT= WIP* Cycle time = 32*6*1. 83=351. 4 mins=5. 86 hours. Q 10 Assuming that Sunwind is now ready for JIT delivery (hope so, based on your Q1 to 9 analysis and suggested improvement), how to synchronize the delivery of product 4 times a day to Volvo’s Torslanda Plant? For this you may require the one day demand of Torsdland plant) Ans. The actual demand of 5 door model 700 for Volvo’s Torslanda Plant is 1985 is 17050. The total demand for Volvo isn 1985 is 33665. So Torslanda plant produced around 51 % of total Volvo’s production. Considering the same percentage production of total Volvo’s requirement, by using the overall forecasted demand of Volvo plant in 1986, Torslanda plant will require to produce =51% of 62400= 31824 units annually. Hence per week demand is calculated to be=31824/52= 612 units. Since Sunwind runs 5 days a week, daily production requirement will be=612/5= 122 units. Considering new Capacity planning and line balancing for Sunwind as in Q7, our cycle time is 1. 83 mins ( bottleneck process 7 running for single shift). As the bottleneck operation is for single shift, in order to synchronise the delivery of products 4 times a day to Volvo’s Torslanda plant we need to have an MLT which will be atleast= 8*60/4= 120 mins. Considering the previously arrived cycle time of 1. 83 mins in Q7 There will be WIP of equal size at 6 different work stations (Operation 1 to 7) where processing will be done in batches. Hence maximum batch size that can be allowed so as to make a just in time delivery of new order booked 4 times a day =120/(6*1. 83)=11 Lot sizes of 11 units if produced in JIT system can enable us to deliver products 4 times a day, if the product criteria and combination is known beforehand.